Do EVs only shift emissions? No - here are the sources.
All numbers are linked to public sources. Change the scenario and see the break-even distance.
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Electricity mix
EV profile
Small city EV - 14 kWh/100 km - 40 kWh pack
Mid sedan EV - 17 kWh/100 km - 60 kWh pack
Large SUV EV - 22 kWh/100 km - 100 kWh pack
Battery chemistry
NMC622
NMC811
LFP
Manufacturing region
EU
United States
China
Vehicle manufacturing region
EU
United States
China
Japan
South Korea
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Electricity mix
gCO₂/kWh
EV profile
Efficiency (kWh/100 km)
Battery pack (kWh)
Battery manufacturing factor
kgCO₂/kWh
Manufacturing baselines
Glider (kgCO₂e)
ICE extras (kgCO₂e)
ICE/HEV use-phase LCA
Gasoline (gCO₂e/km)
Hybrid (gCO₂e/km)
Break-even chart
Assumptions used in the chart
Sources
Inputs
Grid selected
EV profile
Battery manufacturing
Manufacturing
EV manufacturing total
ICE manufacturing
Use-phase
EV use-phase
ICE life-cycle intensity
Hybride
Scope & notes
EV total = vehicle manufacturing (glider) + battery manufacturing + use-phase electricity CO₂
Gasoline/Hybrid total = vehicle manufacturing (glider) + engine & exhaust extra + use-phase fuel CO₂
ICE/HEV use-phase values are well-to-wheel (fuel production + tailpipe).
Vehicle maintenance & wear parts are not included (small impact; higher for ICE).
Tire & brake wear CO₂ is not included (minor for CO₂; more relevant for particulates).
Fueling/charging infrastructure construction is excluded (negligible per km).
End-of-life detailed pathways are simplified (average factors).
For EVs, charging and grid losses are not added unless the efficiency is entered “at the meter”.